XVI. New Irish Lichens.

Lichens

What are lichens? The term lichen refers to a symbiotic association between a filamentous fungus, the ‘mycobiont’, and at least one photosynthetic organism, the ‘photobiont’, consisting of a micro alga, a cyanobacterium, or both (Figure 1). Although the symbiotic nature of lichens was first revealed in 1867, the development of a lichen thallus is often so integrated (Figure 1D) that they have b...

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-Monetary policy operates in a different environment than it did a decade ago. Financial market innovations have eroded the distinctions among monetary assets, making the definition of money increasingly arbitrary. Deregulation of interest rates and banking activity is changing the behavior of the monetary aggregates, as banks pay interest on monetary assets and nonbanks offer monetary-like ass...

XVI. Miscellaneous

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The stock market crash of 1987 sent shock waves through the world's financial markets. Stock exchanges in New York, Chicago, London, Tokyo, Frankfurt, and a host of other cities suffered major declines. In response, credit markets, commodity markets, and foreign exchange markets registered sharp swings. Not since the Great Depression had the world seen such turmoil in financial markets. But, dr...

Lichens survive in space: results from the 2005 LICHENS experiment.

This experiment was aimed at establishing, for the first time, the survival capability of lichens exposed to space conditions. In particular, the damaging effect of various wavelengths of extraterrestrial solar UV radiation was studied. The lichens used were the bipolar species Rhizocarpon geographicum and Xanthoria elegans, which were collected above 2000 m in the mountains of central Spain an...